Thursday, February 19, 2015

All Star and Seven Years Ago


All-Star weekend in basketball is over and, thanks largely to Zach Levine, it didn’t totally suck; of course, there were still some perceived flaws. The biggest flaw revolves around All-Star snubs. Yes, Damian Lillard is an All-Star, through both a literal definition and an arbitrary one. His exclusion on the original coach’s roster had Oregon citizens rioting on Burnside, tipping over food carts in a gluten-induced rage, and writing strongly worded poems to the NBA.  Ignoring that only one of those reactions is factually based; Blazer fans had every right to be upset about Lillard not being initially included on the All-Star team. Every year a player, who's left off the All-Star roster, could make his case of why he should be an All-Star, and usually they would be right. Why? Well it largely has to do with the unprecedented amount of talent in the league right now, especially in the Western Conference.

Josh Brown, over at The Reformed Broker, tackles why active management has fallen off a cliff lately. The causes serve as an incredible parallel to the All-Star game condition, emphasis always mine:

This is the “Paradox of Skill” theory that Michael Mauboussin has written at length about – wherein it is only relative skill, not absolute skill, that matters. Ted Williams was one of only seven Major League Baseball players ever to bat over .400 for a full season – and he did it back in 1941, more than 70 years ago. No one’s been able to do it since because all of the players have gotten so much better. In the stock selection game, luck plays an increasing role because, relatively speaking, there is so much more talented competition and everyone is highly skilled. Larry explains that in the stock market, as in baseball, “as average skill skill increases, it becomes more difficult to outperform by large margins – the standard deviations of outcomes narrows.”

Back to basketball: The West’s hand picked backcourt before Lillard's inclusion, was the league’s leading scorer (James Harden), the league’s third leading scorer & eventual All-Star MVP (Russell Westbrook), a guy basically averaging a double-double every time he steps on the floor (Chris Paul), and the league’s tenth leading scorer, who is having a breakout season (Klay Thompson). Pretty safe to assume Lillard’s original snub amounted to an enormous heaping of bad luck, and his subsequent addition a dollop of good luck, but bad luck for Blake Griffin (let’s be clear). I know, all this luck is very hard to keep track of, but, that’s kinda the point.

With the removal of mediocre in active investing, just like in basketball, it is increasingly difficult to have sustainable dominance. Injuries are the unforeseeable risks players have to cope with, just like macro-economic shocks are the perils investor's dance with daily.


“Hey teacher, teacher, tell me how do you respond to students? And refresh the page and restart the memory?” - Kanye West Dark Fantasy

First off, you oust this clown:




Second, you don’t provoke this question: “You ain’t got no mobile in your business model?”

Good, we straight. Now that Microsoft is willing to share their Office suite with the rest of the class, they can get down to business. Here is Ben Thompson (I bold with so much emphasis):

“Before today, though, Office was disadvantaged in two ways: first, the productivity applications couldn’t fully partake in this new modularity because they weren’t well tied-in to other services. Secondly, though, and most importantly, this limitation meant the mobile experience just wasn’t as good as it could be. And to not be good at mobile is to not be good period.”

Hallelujah! Like, before this week the definition of low-hanging fruit was literally (by which I mean figuratively) a picture of Microsoft leveraging their applications across a wide array of mobile experiences.

Couple that with an aggressive acquisition campaign and Microsoft just might be turning the corner of relevance in the market that matters.

Peace.

Follow Wesley Vaughan @backpackbanker



Wednesday, February 18, 2015

Private Auction, Home Bias & Hammers



CEO Evan Spiegel, who infamously turned down a $3 billion offer from Facebook last year, is looking to raise money to the tune of $19 billion. Not bad, for an idea incubated in a Stanford fraternity basement. Negotiations are apparently being done through a series of escalading-in-price snaps from Spiegel’s personal account. But, in all serious, that is $19 billion valuation for a company with approximately $0 in proven revenue[1].

This isn’t a knock on the valuation, in fact, it’s more a kudos to Spiegel’s patience. Turning down $3 billion dollars is ballsy, to say the least, and shows, hey, maybe this guy knows what he is doing. Marc Andreessen had a fire tweet on this topic two Sundays ago:

Instead, this rich private valuation, should serve as a warning to mom & pop investors when an IPO opportunity comes a knocking. When heavily venture financed companies like Uber, Xiaomi, & Snapchat make their eventual stock market debut, it is to reward the existing shareholders. Nobody knows what a fair valuation for IPOs is, but, you know who has a pretty good idea: the people already invested in them. Honest IPO's are like honest mechanics, extremely rare

Back to Snapchat for a second. They are focusing their revenue efforts on curating news and creating original content; so you can see why they would need a substantial capital infusion. Playing to their strengths, with short digestible news clips, is borderline genius. It captures the elusive market of people who are too lazy to read, but, still like to pretend they know everything. The total addressable market on this is yet to be determined, but, early reports suggest it is strongly correlated with 95% of millennials. Okay, I’m being patently ridiculous but let’s just say I’m long 2016 call options on Snapchat.


Speaking of digestible news clips, a little guilty pleasure of mine is to watch CNBC’s halftime report clips featuring Josh Brown. It’s fun because occasionally, by which I mean perpetually, Josh subtly trolls the hell out of some of his colleagues. Last week everybody and their mother was saying how effing great the United State’s markets are and how they wouldn’t be caught dead investing anywhere internationally. Gulp! Remember, these are “professionals” who manage money for a living and even they have a hard time not letting recency & home bias influence them. Here is Josh:

“The outlook for the United States is superior to the outlook for virtually everywhere else. No shit. We are all aware of this. This is why Bob Schiller’s CAPE ratio alarm is going bananas right now. But this superiority is what’s already expected and therefore currently being discounted into today’s prices.

What isn’t being discounted? That’s the more interesting (profitable) question.

If every Harry, Dick, and Tom is fully invested in US equities it doesn’t leave much margin for error. Every investor knows the mantra “Price is what you pay, value is what you get”. Some just let recent events cloud their thinking more than others.


To the man with the hammer every problem looks like a nail. Cullen Roche tackles the problem of extrapolating value investing principles, used in individual stock selection, towards markets as a whole. It is reminiscent of a recent argument going on in sports, namely basketball twitter: the eye-testers vs. the data heads. Rationally you would take a liberal approach, where you take the best of both ideologies to form your thought process. Yes, the influx of “big data” has been important for the teams at the top of the NBA standings, the Hawks and Warriors, but when the number one best-seller on statistics is a book from 1954 entitled “How to Lie with Statistics”, which is essential reading BTW, you’re best forming a hybrid approach to analysis. After all, it doesn’t take a quant to see repeatable monotonous form in both Curry’s and Korver’s jump shot.

And therein lies the important part: your success has to be replicable. Here is Frank Zorilla on the importance of developing a strategy and sticking to it: 

“What’s important is to know what works for you and what works within your time- frame”

There are 50 ways to leave your lover crooned Paul Simon. There are also 50 ways to make money investing. Top off this post by peeping this video from Howard Marks.


Follow Wesley Vaughan @backpackbanker


[1] Yes, they launched ads in October 2014 but no word yet on what the figures look like.

Wednesday, February 11, 2015

Apple, Blacker Berries, & How to Think.

Yo, your humble homie here, posting links you should read if you wanna sound cool in social settings.

Apple, Up to 700 Billion Dead Presidents.


The cream is spilling out the top for everyone's favorite stock. Barry Ritholtz chronicled why it is so easy to miss the boat, on what is now the first company to ever surpass the 700 billion mark in market cap. Of course, the reverse is also true, it is easy to overstate the future fortunes for the Cupertino giant. I'm not gonna break out the financial models for you, this is a family show, but what is important is the sentiment is turning on Apple. While a post earnings drift is very likely, investing is always about the price you pay, so be forewarned. For deep thought on Apple, Ben Thompson at Stratechery is essential reading. Here is one of his first posts on his blog.

Fundamental misses on Apple are prevalent, largely, because people have no idea what they are talking about. Here is Mark Milian explaining how the law of large numbers is incorrectly applied to Apple.

Anyways, other interesting news out of the Apple camp, is their decision to power their mothership with solar panels. I'm talking solar panels in the cafeteria, break room, even to power Jonathon Ive's secret room full of pictures of himself. No, I kid, the partnership is with First Solar1, and the plan is to build a 2,900-acre2 solar farm in Monterey County, California. Shares of First Solar enjoyed quite a day, as investors hope this partnership with an Arizona based company, turns out better than the last Arizona company linked to Apple. 

Mr. Market your on-again/off-again love interest.


Michael Mauboussin released a wonderful white paper on how to think like an investor, you can read the full thing here. It's a must read if you are serious about this finance thing, but, equally compelling if you're a fan of psychology, horse-racing, or civil engineering (architecture for you Costanza buffs). At the risk of you not reading the whole thing, here are some excerpts:


"This leads to the first point worth stressing: to be an active investor, you must believe in both inefficiency and efficiency. In other words, you have to think that both Shiller and Fama are rightjust not at the same time. Naturally, if markets are perfectly efficient there’s no reason to try to beat them through active management. But it’s also true that there’s no reason to try to beat the market through active management if you think markets are always inefficient. That’s because even if you are savvy enough to buy a dollar for fifty cents, there’s no reason to believe that the price and value will ever converge in a perpetually inefficient market. "


Simple, articulate, enormously insightful. Independent thinking is only the start, and, doesn't mean anything if you're dead wrong. You have to be incredibly well versed in theory, but, with the good taste to know when to use it. If you think this is easy here's some more:


"Diversity breakdowns are crucial to pushing Mr. Market from healthy to manic or depressed. And herein is the critical point: The very factor that causes market inefficiencycorrelated beliefsmakes exploiting that inefficiency difficult. The desire to be part of the crowd is powerful, and being apart from the crowd is scary for most. "


The rest of the paper is equally brilliant, once again cementing Mr. Mauboussin's indispensable voice amongst the daily shouts. 


Daniel Kahneman: Your Financial Advisor's Advisor

This couples nicely with Mauboussin's paper, from the man who literally wrote the book on second level thinking. "Thinking Fast & Slow" is one of the most important books on an investor's bookshelf; even though it is the most recently published book on Jason Zweig's list, it is a culmination of Kahneman's life work. 

Sports are the perfect example of complex, adaptive systems and how by definition they are unpredictable. If Russell Wilson completes that pass on 2nd & goal from the 1 yard line, the narrative is how innovative Pete Carroll is and how "clutch" Wilson is. Instead, it's what a bonehead Carroll is and how uncharacteristic of Wilson. Luck plays such a large, yet understated, role in the outcomes of life. Did Malcolm Butler make a terrific break on the ball? Absolutely. Was he lucky the Seahawks were passing in the first place? Again, absolutely. Don't forget what happened two plays before that. Jermaine Kearse made a spectacularly fortunate grab, on a ball that touched everywhere except the ground. Hindsight allows us the illusion of control.

Kendrick Lamar By Michael Chabon.

Kendrick Lamar released a new song entitled "The Blacker the Berry"(the sweeter the juice, you need to get loose, to the heat I produce). Michael Chabon, who has been dubbed the perfect writer for the Obama Age, annotated a portion of the lyrics. The comparison to Common's "I Used to Love H.E.R." is deft, not because "The Blacker the Berry" is an instant classic, that is beside the point, but because both songs beg for deep thought. Things are rarely black & white, and Lamar is doing his part to keep the conversation about race and inequality center stage. If Chabon is the perfect writer for the Obama Age, Lamar is the perfect rapper for the Obama Age.

Jon Stewart Leaving Comedy Central.

A great voice is moving on. No word yet on his plans, but, there are literally tons of media execs chomping at the bit to seduce Stewart. Regardless of how you feel about him, he is how a majority of millennials get their news, and, that is a huge audience moving forward. Here is a nice piece about Stewart's comic family tree.

It's telling, not only looking at the comics birthed by the Daily Show, but how Stewart's Anti-Spin zone approach has wielded him a significant influence. Enough so, to make warranting a full network gig not quite out of the realm probabilities. Here is wishing him the best of luck, and thanking him for the last two decades. 






Follow Wesley Vaughan @backpackbanker




1 Full disclosure: I own shares of First Solar. 



2. Tim Cook said 1,300 acres on his webcast with Goldman Sachs, but, the WSJ reported 2,900 acres. Probably somewhere in between.


Thursday, September 11, 2014

Don't believe the Hedge

Make money regardless of the economic conditions, word is bond fam. Using short/long/derivative/option/leverage/alternative/private equity/forex swab strategies- the list to riches is long and lavish dawg. Da most sophisticated homies in da game gonna outperform the market in every possible scenario and reduce ya risk yo.

Could it be so easy? Watch ya step. If the above sounds ridiculous, it's because it is. Yet this is a promise hedge funds expound like it was decreed by God to Moses. In 2014 so far the average hedge fund has underperformed in the rising bull market. In 2013 they returned an average of 7% while the S&P 500 index had a 29.1% return with dividend reinvestment. What perpetrates the hedge fund hype is overconfidence and affluent investor’s appetite for sophistication.

Let’s start with the halo effect and overconfidence. Here is list of Wu-Worthy hedge fund managers. It is a short list relative to the approximate 10,000 active hedge funds. The list of 21 successful hedge funders is not representative of all the successful hedge funds but mainly the exclusive ones. So what about the less exclusive hedge funds? Well as Josh Brown put it, in a stroke of statistical and empirical genius, “The odds of identifying an emerging manager from the ground floor who becomes Paul Tudor Jones are about the same as you making out with Kate Upton in an outdoor shower on a Tahitian beach”. This goes a long way in explaining why the average hedge fund has turned in a meager 3.9% return in 2014, doesn’t it. This is, of course, before you consider the standard 2% management fee and 20% performance fees- you didn’t think this was easy did you?

With the paltry recent returns hedge funds have generated it is insane their fees are so high. Especially when considering better returns and lower fees can be found in broad indexes. Paying high management fees for hedge funds is like tipping the register-clerk, who does nothing but take your money, at Chipotle. You wouldn't do that shit at McDonalds, tho they prolly deserve it. Don't even get me started on 20% performance fees- that's like saying "here you were so good at taking my money, have some more". 

Again, to be fair, there are hedge funds justifying rich fees. Alpha Attribution fleshes this out with a chart on the annualized return over the most recent three-year period, that they can roughly pin-point to value delivery.

Top Managers Demonstrating Consistent Stock Selection Skill over Last 3 Years


FundAnnualized Security Selection SkillRegulatory AUM% of Reg AUM Disclosed in Public Filings
RA CAPITAL43.8%1.5 BN51%
SRS INV. MANAGEMENT25.1%3.6 BN67%
COLUMBUS HILL CAPITAL16.0%1.7 BN61%
SCOPIA CAPITAL13.6%7.1 BN35%
HOUND PARTNERS12.7%3 BN77%
BRENNER WEST CAPITAL11.9%1.5 BN60%
SENATOR INV. GROUP11.1%11 BN85%
NEW MOUNTAIN VANTAGE ADV.8.7%2.4 BN88%
LOCUST WOOD CAPITAL ADV.7.4%780 MM90%
STEADFAST CAPITAL7.4%8.1 BN64%
EGERTON CAPITAL6.8%10.7 BN59%
Source: Alpha Attribution

The premise is built on disclosure and *gulp honesty. If RA Capital Management holds Achillion Pharmaceuticals (ACHN), which they do, and it increases by 15%, which I made up, but the biotechnology sector as a whole increases by 10% (made up) then they delivered 5% of value (the difference). This contributes to the 43.8% you see as their Annualized Security Selection Skill. Check the full study here. However, in a cruel twist of mean reversal, RA Capital Management has been hit hard this year. The 1.5 billion in assets under management has turned into a portfolio value just shy of one billion bucks. Sure some hot new hedge fund is bound to take it’s place atop this list, just like some hot new it girl is bound to grace the cover of Sports Illustrated next year, good luck speculating who.

Optimistic and eager youngins want a piece of that action (talking about hedge funds fam), and it is hard to blame them. But overconfidence mars them at every step and it trickles down to those who invest in their presumptuous presentations. Nothing highlights pompous behavior more than when we blame others for our mistakes as this tantrum, wonderfully covered by Morgan Housel, recently did. Reading that letter you wouldn't be wrong to confuse it with this one, but I digress. Instead of risk reduction we know that overconfidence can lead to an increasing exposure to risk, also see here.


The leading expert on confidence summarizes it succinctly:

“Hard to be humble when you stunting on a jumbotron”
- Kanye West “Devil In A New Dress”

Even harder I’d imagine when you’re dreaming of jumbotron worthy status.

The title of this post isn’t “Mother’s don’t let your children grow up to manage hedge funds”. More power to you boo if you got your sights set on delivering alpha. But let’s treat sophisticated investment products as just that, sophisticated. As the OG grand-master of errythang rational & the oracle from the movie Up says "only invest in what you know b". It starts by undressing these devilishly wicked funds and asking the tough questions: Correlation or Causation? Alpha or Beta? Icahn or Ackman? Method Man or Raekwon? This ish is far from easy fam, word is bond. 

Never forget the underlying rule in all things finance: “You need to crawl before you ball”- Yeezy in Paris. 


Follow Wesley Vaughan @bragavaughan

Wednesday, September 10, 2014

Stock U Over Da Head

“..and they wonder why I rarely smoke now, imagine if you’re first blunt had you foaming at the mouth.” – Kendrick Lamar “M.A.A.D. City”

It is entirely natural to attribute more weight to things that happen to us and are easily recalled from memory. Psychologists call this the availability heuristic and piss-poor rappers call it the grind. Ignoring the existence of biases is a foolish endeavor yet we do it all the time. Mostly it concerns frivolous bits, yet on decisions that really matter, and tend to be more complex, we go with the default; which is often ripe with irrationality.

The implications for investing are overwhelming. Take this report on a Federal Reserve finding that America is the most underweight on stock ownership than it has been in the last 18 years. What is holding the percentage of stock ownership from falling even more is the wealthy elite holding stocks at a new high. It would be remiss to attribute this as the sole reason for the growing disparity between the 1% and middle America but it certainly should raise some eyebrows in the midst of a surging bull market.

            One of the worst qualities in a money manager is overconfidence. Psychologists have a term for this too, it is called the illusion of validity. Like the trolling rapper posting in the comments section of a Chance the Rapper YouTube video with hyperbole like “I’m the lost member of Odd Future the next Jigga/Yeezy/K-dot y’all gotta check out my shitty soundcloud” it is painfully obviously the perils overconfidence can get you, and more importantly, others into. What makes overconfidence the worst quality in money managers is they attribute skill to success in one of the most unpredictable and dynamic environments in the world: the stock market. Sir Isaac Newton said it best, after losing a small fortune in the stock market “I can calculate the motions of heavenly bodies, but not the madness of people”. 

Of course some people can deliver market-beating returns over an extended period of time but they are as rare as finding a gem in the comments section of YouTube. Rarer I’d wager, as at least the rapper has control over the quality of his output, where the stock picker is at the mercy of many more uncontrollable and unforeseeable elements.

So what? Maybe middle America is best served by being underweight stocks. No this compensation is overconfidence in other assets and equally misguided as our stock picker. This can lead to people sticking their necks out trying to tease returns out of historically low return assets (Read: chasing junk). Over the course of time no asset class has come close to delivering the returns the stock market has averaged. The evidence for holding stocks in an investment portfolio is overwhelming- see herehere, and here. Patrick O’Shaughnessy makes the case very clear for the importance of stocks in a diversified portfolio, while also addressing some of the reasons why millennials, his specialty, are underweight stocks. To be clear, no case is being made for stocks to be the only asset you hold; diversification is as fundamental as protect ya neck. Designing a strategy suited to fit your neck exposure is a post for another day. 

Yes, stock market crashes happen. Millennials have unluckily experienced two major market crashes, one laced with subprime mortgages and the other being the infamous tech bust. However, forecasting the next market crash is as futile as the debate over who is the greatest member of Wu-Tang. A forecast should be treated as an opinion not a statistical fact. The real damage is done when the inevitable scares people out of the asset class all together. If you can deal with volatility, then your best vehicle to achieving wealth over an extended amount of time is the stock market. “Deal with volatility” is a big “If”  as is "extended time" and both are not easily realized. If these contingenies frighten you than stocks ain't nuthin to fux wit.

Some verbal courage for the stock-clan. The first from a renowned poet whose full poem is required reading in most high schools worth their weight in blunts. The second poem comes from an equally as renowned poet,  if not slightly more obscure. 

“If you can keep your head when all about you
Are losing theirs and blaming it on you,
If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you,
But make allowance for their doubting too;
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting….

If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster
And treat those two imposters just the same….”

- Rudyard Kipling “If”

“If you’re holding up the wall then you’re missing the point”


-Pharoahe Monch “Simon Says”

Follow Wesley Vaughan @bragavaughan